[22], Champlain allied himself as soon as possible with the Algonquin and Montagnais peoples in the area, who were at war with the Iroquois. In 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded New France in this area, which remained in French control until the British captured it during a half-hour battle on September 13, 1759. If the notion contained an element of projection up to the very end, in the beginning, it was only that—a name on a 1529 map proclaiming eastern North Americato be Nova Gallia. New France (French: Nouvelle-France) was the area colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris (1763). As a result, it was able to set specific price points for furs and other valuable goods, often doing so to protect its economic hegemony over other trading partners and other areas of the economy. In 1627, Richelieu founded the Company of One Hundred Associates to invest in New France, promising land parcels to hundreds of new settlers and to turn Canada into an important mercantile and farming colony. They came expressly to settle, stay in one place to make the New France settlement function. The only remnant of the former colonial territory of New France that remains under French control to this day is the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (French: Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon), consisting of a group of small islands 25 kilometres (16 mi; 13 nmi) off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. It was for this reason that Montreal and the Ottawa River was a central location of indigenous warfare and rivalry. One group sees it as a highly negative economic, political and ideological disaster that threatened a way of life with materialism and Protestantism. [19][20][21] Colonization was slow and difficult. The major commercial importance of the Louisiana Purchase territory was the Mississippi River. In 1665, Louis XIV sent a French garrison, the Carignan-Salières Regiment, to Quebec. Talon tried to reform the seigneurial system, forcing the seigneurs to actually reside on their land, and limiting the size of the seigneuries, in an attempt to make more land available to new settlers. [66], Jesuit missionaries explored the Mississippi River, in the territory of the Illinois. [82] The council's practices evolved over time. New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy defended against the expansion of New England settlements into Acadia, whose border New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine. The expelled Acadians were initially dispersed across much of eastern North America (including the Thirteen Colonies) and some were sent to France. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The trading post of Ville-Marie, established on the current island of Montreal, quickly became the economic hub for the French fur trade. Founded in 1627 by Cardinal Richelieu (1585–1642), the chief minister of France, the Company of New France was designed as a vehicle for advancing French colonial claims in North America.Since the late sixteenth century, the French monarchy had granted monopoly rights over the Canadian fur trade to a succession of consortiums. Indigenous women were highly regarded within their societies and participated in political and military decisions. Around 1523, the Florentine navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano convinced King Francis I to commission an expedition to find a western route to Cathay (China). He is known as the “Father of New France”. [94] Simultaneously, the Governor of Acadia was set up and his job was primarily the defense of Acadia from English invasion. After losing four times his investment, Crozat gave up his charter in 1717. Champlain died in 1635. French settlement of the early 17th century (reconstruction) The early years of the Quebec colony were hard, and the population grew slowly. The Ursuline order of Catholic nuns was founded in 1553 in Brescia, Italy. The war was ended by the Treaty of Rijswujk (1697) with New France holding Hudson Bay (but not Newfoundland) as well as all its former possessions. In 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded New France in this area, which remained in French control until the British captured it during a half-hour battle on September 13, 1759. [52], The natural abundance of furs had passed and it could no longer meet market demand. Some Anglophone historians portray the Conquest as a victory for "British military, political and economic superiority" and argue that it ultimately brought benefits to the French settlers. [17] In 1604, a settlement was founded at Île-Saint-Croix on Baie François (Bay of Fundy), which was moved to Port-Royal in 1605. Industries such as fishing and farming, which had failed under Talon, began to flourish. [105][106][107] King William's War ended in 1697, but a second war (Queen Anne's War) broke out in 1702. In 1745, William Shirley, governor of Massachusetts, led a counterattack on Louisbourg. [102] They succeeded in turning back the Iroquois invasion and are responsible for saving Montreal from destruction. Meanwhile the brilliant young Canadian Pierre le Moyne, sieur d’Iberville, had conquered British posts, saved Acadia, and overrun Newfoundland. Many settlers did not know how to survive through the winter; the Indigenous people showed them how to survive in the New World. Its decline began almost at once. [45] This would dramatically change in the mid 1730s with the loss of 2,000 French settlers and the introduction of African slaves. Within Acadia and Nova Scotia, Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755) began with the British founding of Halifax. As a result of that defeat, the British decided to prepare the conquest of Quebec City, the capital of New France. They kept detailed records of what they saw and the people they met, sketching what they could, and mapped the Mississippi River in 1673. [78], In addition to the royal judges, there were other judicial officers in each district. [82] The Custom governed various civil aspects of the daily life in New France, including property, marriage, inheritance, and so on. During King William’s War (the North American extension of the War of the Grand Alliance; 1689–97), a New England fleet and army under Sir William Phips seized Acadia, but the French defied Phips’s attempt to take Quebec in 1690. In 1660, settler Adam Dollard des Ormeaux led a Canadian and Huron militia against a much larger Iroquois force; none of the Canadians survived, but they succeeded in turning back the Iroquois invasion. [24] Champlain was named Governor of New France and Richelieu forbade non-Roman Catholics from living there. In 1710 Acadia had been seized again by the British, but in the next year an English expedition under Sir Hovenden Walker suffered serious losses along the St. Lawrence River and returned home. Britain retained Canada, Acadia, and the parts of French Louisiana which lay east of the Mississippi River, except for the Île d'Orléans, which was granted to Spain with the territory to the west. Louis XV saw little value in Louisiana, and to compensate Spain for its losses in the Seven Years' War, he transferred Louisiana to his cousin Charles III in 1762. At the same time the English colonies to the south began to raid the St. Lawrence valley and, in 1629, Quebec itself was captured and held by the English until 1632. The fortress was returned to France under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, but the peace treaty, which restored all colonial borders to their pre-war status, did little to end the lingering enmity between France, Britain, and their respective colonies, nor did it resolve any territorial disputes. [97] It is difficult to trace the judicial history of French Acadia as the relevant archives were destroyed in a fire in 1708.[97]. [79] In the districts of Quebec City and Montreal, the royal judges had special lieutenants to substitute them whenever they were absent or sick. "[38] The 1666 census of New France was the first census conducted in North America. France's first expedi… This was due to the natural abundance of meat, fish, and pure water; the good food conservation conditions during the winter; and an adequate wheat supply in most years. France was established over time, from the period of Charlemagne to the Hundred Years' War. 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